Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (review)

The role of oral hygiene in maintaining the health and wellbeing of mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care is apparent. Complicated needs of these patients and poor oral hygiene may result in nosocomial-acquired infections such as pneumonia. However, the importance of mouth care is not often reflected in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) literature and practice.(1) Some studies have sought to identify the importance of and barriers to effective oral hygiene, as well as the implications of poor oral health and the most recommended methods of providing oral care in mechanically ventilated patients.

Patients can colonize pathogenic bacteria within forty-eighty hours of admission to intensive care unit.(1) The oral cavity and other parts of the mouth are perfect medium in which bacteria can live and thrive.(1) Aspiration of orapharyngeal secretions is an independent risk factor for ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and is documented as being a major cause of nosocomial infection in the ICU.(2) It has been shown that bacteria responsible for VAP collect and colonize on the oral mucosa and in the dental plaque biofilm of intubated patients.(3) Providing adequate oral care for these patients should be a priority as it is essential in reducing incidences of VAP.

Philips Respironics V200 critical care ventilator and Respironics NM3 respiratory profile monitor

According to the authors of a recent Cochrane Review, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia developing in persons who have received mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours.(4) VAP is a potentially serious complication in these patients who are already critically ill.

Maintaining a clean and healthy mouth by preventing the build-up of plaque biofilm on the teeth may help reduce the risk of developing VAP. Oral hygiene care (OHC), using either a mouthrinse, gel, toothbrush, or combination, together with aspiration of secretions may reduce the risk of VAP in these patients.(4) The objective of the review was to assess the effects of OHC on the incidence of VAP in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs) in hospitals.

The question was whether oral hygiene care could reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs) in hospitals (excluding the use of antibiotics). The intent was to summarize the available suitable research in order to facilitate the provision of evidence-based care for these vulnerable patients. Trials were grouped into four main comparisons:

1. Chlorhexidine antiseptic mouthrinse or gel compared to placebo (treatment without the active ingredient chlorhexidine) or usual
care, (with or without toothbrushing).
2. Toothbrushing compared with no toothbrushing, (with or without chlorhexidine).
3. Powered compared with manual toothbrushing.
4. Oral care with other solutions.

The authors searched a number of databases and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of OHC (mouthrinse, swab, toothbrush or combination) in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation. All of the studies were conducted in intensive care units in hospitals. Study participants were critically ill and required support from nursing staff or others for their oral hygiene care. The authors’ concluded that effective OHC is important for ventilated patients in intensive care. OHC that includes either chlorhexidine mouthwash or gel is associated with a 40% reduction in the odds of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adults.(4) However, there is no evidence of a difference in the outcomes of mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation or duration of ICU stay. There is no evidence that OHC including both CHX and toothbrushing is different from OHC with CHX alone, and some weak evidence to suggest that povidone iodine mouthrinse is more effective than saline in reducing VAP. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether powered toothbrushing or other oral care solutions are effective in reducing VAP.

Encouraging the use of an oral care assessment tool is important and further oral care education to staff working in intensive care is essential to lessen VAP. In spite of the importance of providing oral care to mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care, high-level evidence from randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews reveal that practice is limited.(4)

Hence, there is a clear need for more research to develop guidelines to influence practice and more education is required to stress the importance of oral care in intubated patients.(5) Guidelines should be evaluated for their effect, value and usage, and reviewed and modified regularly to incorporate new evidence that becomes available.

Daily oral care health assessment adapted.(6)

References 1. Prendergast,V., Hallberg, I.R., Hagell, P., Jahnke, H., Kleiman, C., 2009.Oral health, Ventilator associated pneumonia and intracranial pressure in intubated patients in neuroscience intensive care unit. American Journal Of Critical Care, 18(4), pp 369 – 376. 2. Berry, A. M., Davidson, P.M., Masters, J., Rolls, K., 2007. Systematic literature review of oral hygiene practices for intensive care patients receiving mechanical ventilation. American Journal of Critical Care, 16(6), pp 552 – 562. 3. Kishimoto, H., and Urade, M., 2010. Assess Dental plaque and suction- Etricated bacteria adequately. Chest, 137(1) pp 500. 4. Shi Z, Xie H, Wang P, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Chen E, Ng L, Worthington HV, Needleman I, Furness S. Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD008367. 5. Njoroge N and Paul F. Reducing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP): The Importance Of Oral Care In Mechanically Ventilated Patients. ICU Management, Volume 11, Issue 1, Spring 2011. 6. Pear, S.M., Stoessel, K., Shoemake, S., 2007. Oral care is critical care: The role of oral care in the prevention of hospital acquired pneumonia. Infection Control Today, 11(10).

Maria Perno Goldie, RDH, MS

To read previous RDH eVillage FOCUS articles by Maria Perno Goldie, click here.

To read more about pneumonia and dental hygiene, click here.

Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (review)

Latest

Combating diabetes and gum disease together with advanced oral medicine and clinical chemistry

The far-reaching effects of oral-systemic health

Nitric oxide: The miracle molecule

What do dental assistants do?

Risk of serious head and neck infections related to lack of dental care and poor oral hygiene

HR questions for dentists: You break it, you buy it?